{"id":3687,"date":"2025-09-19T22:41:54","date_gmt":"2025-09-19T19:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/?page_id=3687"},"modified":"2026-01-18T00:03:44","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T21:03:44","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%b1-2025-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/?page_id=3687","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025"},"content":{"rendered":"<style><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><br \/>@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {<br \/>.rubricsjournal:before {width: 0px !important;}<br \/>.rubricsjournal:after {width: 0px !important; }<br \/>.rubricsjournal{border-bottom: 3px solid #f9dd94;border-top: 3px solid #f9dd94;}<br \/>}<br \/>.entry-content{padding: 0px;border: 0px;}<br \/>     .rubricsjournal{<br \/>        font-family: sans-serif;<br \/>        margin: 40px auto;<br \/>        color:hsl(60,40%,30%);<br \/>        text-align: center;<br \/>        font-size: 30px;<br \/>        max-width: 600px;<br \/>        position: relative;<br \/>font-family: \"Droid Arabic Kufi\", serif;<br \/>      }<br \/>      .rubricsjournal:before {<br \/>        content: \"\";<br \/>        display: block;<br \/>        width: 130px;<br \/>        height: 5px;<br \/>        background: #CD5C5C;<br \/>        left: 0;<br \/>        top: 50%;<br \/>        position: absolute;<br \/>      }<br \/>      .rubricsjournal:after {<br \/>        content: \"\";<br \/>        display: block;<br \/>        width: 130px;<br \/>        height: 5px;<br \/>        background: #CD5C5C;<br \/>        right: 0;<br \/>        top: 50%;<br \/>        position: absolute;<br \/>      }<br \/><\/style>\n<h1 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"font-size: 22px; line-height: 31px; margin: 0 0 1px 0; font-family: 'Droid Arabic Kufi', serif; text-align: justify;\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h1>\n<div dir=\"rtl\" style=\"color: #fff; font-size: 22px; line-height: 31px; font-family: 'Droid Arabic Kufi', serif; text-align: justify; padding: 2px 15px 2px 15px; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, rgba(125,185,232,1) 0%, rgba(32,124,202,1) 49%, rgba(41,137,216,1) 50%, rgba(30,87,153,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr=;\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025<\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #267eca; padding: 0px 10px 10px 10px;\">\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 15px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/cover19.pdf?_t=1758307543\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1.pdf?_t=1758305516\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA.pdf?_t=1758307539\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF.pdf?_t=1758305530\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"letori\">\n<p class=\"title\">Les fouilles de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Libanaise sur le site de Gbail\/Byblos. Nouvelles donn\u00e9es sur l\u2019\u00e2ge du Bronze.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 18px;\">Anis Chaaya  &#8211; Hanan Charaf <\/p>\n<p>page 5-26<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%20%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%20%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81.pdf?_t=1758307469\">PDF<\/a><br \/>\n<input type='hidden' bg_collapse_expand='6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468' value='6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-more-text-6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468' value='Abstract'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-less-text-6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468' value='Abstract'><a id='bg-showmore-action-6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468' class='bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow '  style=\" color:#6B6B2E;\" href='#'>Abstract<\/a><\/ul><ul class='bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin' id='bg-showmore-hidden-6a7f2a34d3ee27055308468' >\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\">Des fouilles arch\u00e9ologiques men\u00e9es par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 libanaise ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es en 2015 et 2016 sur le site de Gbail\/Byblos. Le pr\u00e9sent article se concentre sur l\u2019une des phases de cette op\u00e9ration, conduite en juillet 2015, qui a permis la mise au jour d\u2019un mur de fortifications, identifi\u00e9 comme un glacis datant de l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze. Les objectifs de cette mission-l\u00e0 \u00e9taient d\u2019analyser les phases de construction de certaines sections du ch\u00e2teau m\u00e9di\u00e9val et de r\u00e9\u00e9valuer les interventions ant\u00e9rieures, depuis les premi\u00e8res recherches effectu\u00e9es par Ernest Renan au XIXe si\u00e8cle. Les premi\u00e8res analyses de la c\u00e9ramique associ\u00e9e aux structures de l\u2019\u00c2ge du Bronze r\u00e9v\u00e8lent deux phases d\u2019occupation distinctes : le Chalcolithique \/ Bronze ancien I, ainsi que le Bronze ancien II-III. La majorit\u00e9 de la c\u00e9ramique est d\u2019origine locale et sa typologie pr\u00e9sente des affinit\u00e9s stylistiques notables avec des assemblages similaires mis au jour sur d\u2019autres sites arch\u00e9ologiques du Liban.<br \/>\n<label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords: <\/label> Byblos, arch\u00e9ologie, ch\u00e2teau, m\u00e9di\u00e9val, \u00c2ge du Bronze, fortifications, c\u00e9ramique<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\/\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633: \u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a<\/label><br \/>\n\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\/\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2015 \u06482016. \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632\/\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2015\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u062a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d:<\/label> \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul><ul style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0'>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"> \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (\u062c\u064a\u0633)  &#8211; \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 27-63<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9.pdf?_t=1758305768\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\">\u00a0<input type='hidden' bg_collapse_expand='6a7f2a34d40764060878512' value='6a7f2a34d40764060878512'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-more-text-6a7f2a34d40764060878512' value='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-less-text-6a7f2a34d40764060878512' value='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635'><a id='bg-showmore-action-6a7f2a34d40764060878512' class='bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow '  style=\" color:#6B6B2E;\" href='#'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/a><\/ul><ul class='bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin' id='bg-showmore-hidden-6a7f2a34d40764060878512' >\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\">\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 ((LLM \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\"> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d:<\/label> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062c\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">Linguistic Capacity of the First Large Arabic Language Model (Jais): A Descriptive and Analytical Study<\/label><br \/>\nThis study aims to explore the linguistic capabilities of a large Arabic language model called \u201cJais.\u201d Its creators describe it as the first Arabic model with exceptional power and specialization. The researcher posed a series of theoretical and applied questions in Arabic language sciences, arranged from easiest to hardest. The answers were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively to identify strengths and areas for improvement.<br \/>\nA descriptive-analytical method was employed. The researcher examined the model\u2019s answers against specific criteria validated by expert reviewers. The reviewers\u2019 evaluations showed that \u201cJais\u201d has notable abilities, especially given its recent development. The findings reveal strong performance in syntax (9.3), applied morphology (9.0), and rhetoric (8.7). The model demonstrated comparable performance in both theoretical and applied aspects of prosody (7.0).<br \/>\nThe study highlights the importance of creating a standardized test to assess Arabic language models. It also recommends developing smaller, specialized models rather than focusing solely on large, generalized ones.<\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords:<\/label> Artificial intelligence, Jais, Arabic language processing, Deep Learning, LLMs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul><ul style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0'>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ritole\">\n<p class=\"title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0627\u062a-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f &#8220;\u0632\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0631&#8221; \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 <\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 64-99<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89%20%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87.pdf?_t=1758307335\">PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\">\u00a0<input type='hidden' bg_collapse_expand='6a7f2a34d41a53074143153' value='6a7f2a34d41a53074143153'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-more-text-6a7f2a34d41a53074143153' value='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-less-text-6a7f2a34d41a53074143153' value='\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635'><a id='bg-showmore-action-6a7f2a34d41a53074143153' class='bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow '  style=\" color:#6B6B2E;\" href='#'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/a><\/ul><ul class='bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin' id='bg-showmore-hidden-6a7f2a34d41a53074143153' >\n<ul>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\">\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627  \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0634\u0626\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0635\u0651 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621&#8230; 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Meaningful reform is only possible by returning to what restores human centrality. Literature is not merely an act of writing. It is a means of understanding existence, cultivating human thought, and shaping identity.<br \/>\nThis study stems from my belief in the urgent need to modernize literary approaches, to nurture the child learner\u2019s critical and scientific sensibilities, and to train them in analysis, interpretation, and reflective thinking. The literary text, in one of its deeper meanings, embodies elevation and ascension.<br \/>\nInterpretation is a human necessity, rooted in the nature of language and thought. It represents the highest form of mental effort: a creative engagement with the text that seeks to uncover its hidden meanings. Hermeneutics is inseparable from critical thinking\u2014both are essential not only for acquiring knowledge but also as lifelong skills. Children have much to gain from learning how to think critically and interpret meaningfully.<br \/>\nIn this study, I applied interpretive and critical approaches to three texts by the Syrian writer Zakaria Tamer, treating them as literary models for children and adolescents. These texts invite interpretation, critique, evaluation, and explanation. I concluded that Tamer\u2019s literary works offer a compelling model of literature, both profound and accessible, that enables children to engage actively in its production by reading the world through the word.<br \/>\nThis is the kind of literature the Arab child needs, literature that Arab writers must prioritize if we are to realize its full educational and humanistic potential.<\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords:<\/label> Literary text, interpretation, critical thinking, content form, grammatical level, semantic level, self-construction  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul><ul style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0'>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"letori\">\n<p class=\"title\">Couple, Amour, haine et symbolisation : Une approche psychanalytique <\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 18px;\">Alyne Husseini Assaf <\/p>\n<p>page 100-137<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf?_t=1758307534\">PDF<\/a><br \/>\n<input type='hidden' bg_collapse_expand='6a7f2a34d42d98050636427' value='6a7f2a34d42d98050636427'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-more-text-6a7f2a34d42d98050636427' value='Abstract'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-less-text-6a7f2a34d42d98050636427' value='Abstract'><a id='bg-showmore-action-6a7f2a34d42d98050636427' class='bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow '  style=\" color:#6B6B2E;\" href='#'>Abstract<\/a><\/ul><ul class='bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin' id='bg-showmore-hidden-6a7f2a34d42d98050636427' >\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\">Cet article examine les dynamiques d\u2019amour et de haine dans le couple \u00e0 travers une approche psychanalytique. La haine, lorsqu\u2019elle est symbolis\u00e9e, peut devenir un affect structurant. Il s\u2019agit \u00e9galement de comprendre comment les traumatismes familiaux, les liens parentaux, les rivalit\u00e9s \u0153dipiennes et fraternelles se rejouent dans le lien conjugal. L\u2019analyse repose sur l\u2019impact de la \u00ab castration symbolig\u00e8ne \u00bb (Dolto) dans la stabilit\u00e9 du couple. La premi\u00e8re hypoth\u00e8se sugg\u00e8re que cette structuration repose sur un \u00ab moi-peau \u00bb solide (Anzieu), permettant d\u2019\u00e9viter les relations d\u2019emprise. La deuxi\u00e8me hypoth\u00e8se met l\u2019accent sur le r\u00f4le d\u2019un environnement \u00absuffisamment bon\u00bb (Winnicott) qui favorise la diff\u00e9renciation de l\u2019objet, l\u2019investissement du monde ext\u00e9rieur et l\u2019acceptation des diff\u00e9rences dans le couple. Selon Klein, le passage de la position schizoparano\u00efde \u00e0 la position d\u00e9pressive permet d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019ambivalence et de renoncer \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9al de compl\u00e9tude. La troisi\u00e8me hypoth\u00e8se aborde la question de la confusion g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle : un partenaire qui refuse de ne pas \u00eatre l\u2019unique objet \u00ab a \u00bb (Lacan) de sa compagne ne peut incarner la fonction paternelle aupr\u00e8s de ses enfants. Enfin, la quatri\u00e8me hypoth\u00e8se montre que les dispositifs th\u00e9rapeutiques (face \u00e0 face, psychodrame, m\u00e9diation artistique) aident \u00e0 \u00e9laborer les traumatismes familiaux non symbolis\u00e9s qui affectent la relation conjugale. Une m\u00e9thodologie qualitative fond\u00e9e sur trois \u00e9tudes de cas cliniques et un cas litt\u00e9raire permet de valider ces hypoth\u00e8ses. Le \u00ab d\u00e9sir de l\u2019analyste \u00bb (Lacan) agit comme moteur de transformation et donne sens au manque, \u00e0 la souffrance et aux r\u00e9p\u00e9titions du couple.<br \/>\n<label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords: <\/label> Amour, haine, couple, d\u00e9sir, moi peau, castration symbolig\u00e8ne, l\u2019objet a, d\u00e9sir de l\u2019analyste <\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633- \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/label><br \/>\n\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0628\u0628 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c  \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 <\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">Freudianism and Lacanianism: A Retrospective View <\/label><br \/>\nThe research addresses the experience of psychology students at the Lebanese University during the 1960s and 1970s with Freud\u2019s works, and expands on the trajectory of Freudian theory leading to Lacan. It begins with The Interpretation of Dreams, which served as a fundamental entry point to understanding concepts such as consciousness, the unconscious, repression, and dream interpretation\u2014much of which Freud based on his own dreams, thereby providing a model for self-analysis. The purpose of these works was to offer students and readers tools to understand their own psychological mechanisms and to experiment with self-analysis as a way of achieving a degree of liberation from repressed drives.<br \/>\nThe study raises questions about the realism of Freudian theories and the extent to which they can be verified in daily experience. It highlights Freud\u2019s transition from the seduction theory\u2014which attributed neurosis to early sexual assaults\u2014to the Oedipus complex, which later became indispensable in psychoanalysis. The text shows that this shift resulted from social and personal factors related to Freud\u2019s isolation and his attempt to adapt to his intellectual environment. It also discusses Freud\u2019s relationship to language, where his works reveal a particular interest in slips of the tongue, jokes, and the linguistic structure of dreams. This opened the way for Lacan, who reformulated the unconscious in linguistic terms drawing on Saussure\u2019s linguistics. However, Lacan\u2019s complex and obscure style, although it earned him prestige in Parisian intellectual circles, distorted Freudian thought and provoked criticism even among philosophers who struggled to understand his claims.<br \/>\nThe research concludes that Freud\u2019s essential contribution lies in defining the role of the unconscious and linking it to the structure of human memory, a view supported by clinical practice and daily observation. By contrast, Lacan presented an ambiguous conception of the unconscious as \u201clanguage,\u201d but this led to conceptual confusion with Saussure\u2019s distinction between langue and parole. Accordingly, the text advocates a return to Freud\u2019s clear conception of the unconscious and a cautious stance against Lacanian obscurity, which philosophers such as Wittgenstein warned could easily deceive.  <\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords:<\/label> Freudianism, The Interpretation of Dreams, Oedipus complex, seduction theory, Lacanian theory\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul><ul style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0'>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"letori\">\n<p class=\"title\">How Long is the Lebanese Coastline? A Modern Answer to a Classic Question<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 18px;\">Ali Khyami &#8211; Ali-T. Haidar <\/p>\n<p>page 157-177<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0 0 10px; font-size: 12px;\"><a class=\"download\" href=\"https:\/\/cresh.ul.edu.lb\/wp-content\/uploads\/ush\/no19\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%20%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%20%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1.pdf?_t=1758307493\">PDF<\/a><br \/>\n<input type='hidden' bg_collapse_expand='6a7f2a34d45303001197475' value='6a7f2a34d45303001197475'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-more-text-6a7f2a34d45303001197475' value='Abstract'><input type='hidden' id='bg-show-less-text-6a7f2a34d45303001197475' value='Abstract'><a id='bg-showmore-action-6a7f2a34d45303001197475' class='bg-showmore-plg-link bg-arrow '  style=\" color:#6B6B2E;\" href='#'>Abstract<\/a><\/ul><ul class='bg-showmore-no-padding-no-margin' id='bg-showmore-hidden-6a7f2a34d45303001197475' >\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\">Natural coastlines exhibit complex, irregular geometries that defy traditional Euclidean measurement, as their length varies depending on the scale of observation. Fractal geometry offers a robust framework for quantifying this irregularity through the concept of fractal dimension. While global coastlines have been extensively studied using such methods, the Lebanese coastline has lacked comparable analysis. This study addresses that gap by employing Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and GIS techniques, with NDVI used to extract precise land\u2013water boundaries.<br \/>\nTwo methods\u2014box-counting and divider (stick)\u2014were applied to quantify the coastline\u2019s fractal dimension and scale-dependent length. Measurement scales ranged from 10 to 20,480 meters for both box sizes and divider lengths. Within this range, the Lebanese coastline exhibits a fractal dimension of approximately 1.077 (box-counting) and 1.082 (divider method), indicating low to moderate geometric complexity. These findings confirm that the coastline\u2019s length is scale-dependent, posing challenges for practical applications that require standardized values.<br \/>\nTo address this, we propose a suite of standardized, fit-for-purpose coastline lengths for Lebanon, ranging from 381.3 km for fine-scale geomorphological studies to 215.6 km for generalized national cartography. This approach offers a defensible, application-specific resolution to the Coastline Paradox, with particular relevance to the Eastern Mediterranean context.<\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Mots-cl\u00e9s: <\/label> Fractal dimension, Box counting, Divider method, Lebanese coastline length, GIS, NDVI, coastal geomorphology, Sentinel-2<\/li>\n<li dir=\"rtl\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u061f \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/label><br \/>\n\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 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flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    gap: 10px; \/* Spacing between the text and the lines *\/\n}\n.line {\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 200px; \/* Width of the red line *\/\n    height: 4px; \/* Height of the red line *\/\n    background-color: #CC5A5A; \/* Red color *\/<\/p>\n<p>}\n\/* Styling for small screens *\/\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .responsive-container {\n       flex-direction: column; \/* Stack elements vertically *\/\n       align-items: center; \/* Center-align elements *\/\n        gap: 0; \/* Set no gap between the elements *\/\n        padding: 0;\n    }\n.line {\n        width: 50%; \/* Adjust line width for smaller screens *\/\n        margin: 0;<\/p>\n<p>    }\n.text {\n        font-size: 10px; \/* Optional: Reduce font size for smaller screens *\/\n         line-height: 1; \/* Adjust the space between the text and the lines *\/\n        margin: 0; \/* Adjust the space between the text and the lines *\/<\/p>\n<p>    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\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631  <\/li>\n<li dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 15px 15px;padding: 5px;list-style-type: none\"><label style=\"font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;margin-bottom: 10px;text-align: left\">Summary of the book \u201cModern Western Thought: The Psychology of Crowds. Written by Gustave Le Bon, translated and introduced by Hachem Saleh (1991).<\/label><br \/>\nThe Psychology of Crowds (A Study of the Popular Mind) by Gustave Le Bon (1841\u20131931) was first published in Arabic in 1991 by Dar Al Saqi. The translation, accompanied by an introduction, was completed by the Syrian writer, thinker, and translator Hashem Saleh (1950\u2013). The book comprises 228 pages and includes the translator\u2019s introduction, the author\u2019s preface titled The Era of Crowds, and three main sections, each designated as a \u201cBook.\u201d<br \/>\nThis reading highlights the key ideas presented in each section:<br \/>\nBook One \u2013 &#8220;The Mind of Crowds&#8221;:<br \/>\nThis section contains four chapters that explore the psychological characteristics of crowds, including the laws governing their mental unity. It examines emotional amplification and simplification, volatility, naivety, fanaticism, authoritarian tendencies, and conservatism. The book also addresses crowd morality, modes of thinking, imagination, and the religious forms that crowd beliefs often assume.<br \/>\nBook Two \u2013 &#8220;The Opinions and Beliefs of Crowds&#8221;:<br \/>\nComprising four chapters, this section discusses the influence of race, inherited traditions, time, political and social institutions, and education. It analyzes the direct factors shaping public opinion\u2014such as images, words, slogans, illusions, experience, and reason\u2014and explores the mechanisms of persuasion, including assertion, repetition, and personal prestige. It also distinguishes between fixed beliefs and shifting opinions within crowd dynamics.<br \/>\nBook Three \u2013 &#8220;The Classification and Description of the Different Kinds of Crowds&#8221;:<br \/>\nThis final section includes five chapters that analyze heterogeneous and homogeneous crowds, as well as those classified as criminal. It considers the role of juries in tempering legal severity, the persuadability of electoral crowds, and the susceptibility of parliamentary crowds to incitement and emotional contagion, along with their influence on decision-making.<br \/>\nIn his introduction, Hashem Saleh presents Gustave Le Bon as the founder of &#8220;crowd psychology.&#8221; Born in Normandy in 1841 and deceased in Paris in 1931, Le Bon authored numerous articles and over fifty books spanning medicine, physics, and social psychology. Among his most influential works are The Psychology of Crowds (1895), widely cited in studies of collective behavior, and The Life of Truths (1914), in which he proposes a theory of epistemology asserting that truths are neither eternal nor absolute, but rather possess a finite lifespan\u2014much like living beings.<\/p>\n<p><label style=\"font-weight: bold\">Keywords:<\/label> collective psychology, social psychology, anthropology, ethnology, linguistics, Crowds <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul><ul style='margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0'>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 16px; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 2px 10px; box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px #999; -moz-box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px #999; -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 3px #999; color: #b60000; width: 60px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; height: 30px;\">\n    <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#b60000\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 5px;\" width=\"22\" height=\"19\">\n      <path d=\"M1 12s4-8 11-8 11 8 11 8-4 8-11 8-11-8-11-8z\"><\/path>\n      <circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"><\/circle>\n    <\/svg><br \/>\n    <span style=\"font-size: 17px; \">980<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 PDF \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 PDF \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a PDF \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f PDF Les fouilles de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Libanaise sur le site de Gbail\/Byblos. 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